The Glass Castle Rhetorical Analysis - 1619 Words

Argument In The Glass Castle, Dad uses argument to get things he wants from his family. Many times he argues with Jeannette to get extra money for his alcohol. At one point in the book Dad wants money for alcohol, so he has to persuade Jeannette that the family will be okay without the extra twenty dollars. â€Å"‘I’ve got bills piling up,’ [Jeannette] said. [She] could hear [her] voice going shrill, but [she] couldnt control it, ‘I’ve got kids to feed.’ ‘Don’t worry about food and bills,’ Dad said, ‘thats for me to worry about. Okay?’† (Walls 210). Rhetoric In The Great Gatsby, Nick uses a lot of rhetoric to convince the other characters to do things. He is the man in control of the situation and has to keep the other characters doing the†¦show more content†¦He appeals their emotions many times throughout the book by saying he has never let them down. A citation of Father using pathos is when he asks â€Å"‘Have I ever let you down?’† (Walls 210). Father is using pathos to get Jeannette to give him something. He is appealing to her emotions because she knows she cannot say he has let them down because he is doing his best to support the family. Voice The Great Gatsby has a unique voice. It is amazed and disgusted at the same time. At times humans seem nice and at others, they are unkind and evil. An example of how the voice is shown is when Nick says â€Å"I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life† (Fitzgerald 35). This quote explains how Nick feels about the people in the book because he begins to understands how amazing but also disgusting human nature is. Diction In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carroway uses concrete diction to tell the story. He tries to show the reader what is going on. â€Å"It was a few days before the Fourth of July and a scrawny Italian child was setting torpedoes in a row along the railroad track† (Fitzgerald 26). The narrator is giving the reader a mental picture of what is going on instead of trying to simply explain what is going on. Connotation In The Great Gatsby, the way Gatsby talks has a very friendly connotation. He seems like he wants to be friends with everyone He says â€Å"Want to go with me, old sport? Just near the shoreShow MoreRelatedPragmatic Analysis of Seinfelds the Contest4466 Words   |  18 PagesMateria Lingà ¼Ãƒ ­stica Paper Pragmatic Analysis of Seinfeld â€Å"The Contest† Alumno: Juan Wickenhagen Profesora: Karen De Francesco CAFI 2012 Index Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Corpus†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...17 Annex: Seinfeld â€Å"The Contest† : Full Synopsis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18 Abstract This paper focuses on the pragmatic analysis of an episode of the American sitcom â€Å"Seinfeld† calledRead MoreResearch on Persuasive Techniques Used in Advertising Industry12297 Words   |  50 Pagesoverstated. 4|Page Topic Persuasive techniques used in Advertisement 5|Page Introduction to the Topic Persuasive Techniques in Advertising The following are some more specific strategies that advertisers use. Often, they overlap with the rhetorical strategies. ï‚ž Avante Garde The suggestion that using this product puts the user ahead of the times. A toy manufacturer encourages kids to be the first on their block to have a new toy. ï‚ž Weasel Words â€Å"Weasel words† are used to suggest a positiveRead MoreFootball Hooliganism11213 Words   |  45 Pageshooliganism have been seen by the witnesses by these supporters of football. The conflicts that exist between these people can be as small as fistfights and sometimes so intense that these people make use of the deadly weapons against each other. The use of glass bottles, sports bats, pistols, knives, rocks and machetes has also been seen in football hooliganism. 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Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Sex Education With Young Adults Essay - 2532 Words

Throughout the years of America, there has been tension regarding sex education with young adults. During the 1940s, is when the observances of teen pregnancy started to be studied. In 1941, was when the highest peak of teen pregnancy was, and has since then gone down. However, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate in all the industrialized nations. In European education systems, they teach sex education in every way. They not only have comprehensive sex education classes, but they also support safe sex in advertisements and in other social issues discussed in classes. Because of this, the Netherlands has one of the lowest teen pregnancy rates in continental Europe. A few American states have also started comprehensive sex education, and have lower teen pregnancy rates. The current sex education that is implemented into schools is abstinence-only. The U.S. government should eliminate abstinence-only programs, because it will lower the risk against STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) and STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) among young adults, drop teen pregnancy rates, and an older age when teenagers have sex. With the risk of HIV/AIDS, other STDs, and abstinence-only education programs, many LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual, and Queer) young adults are confused on how they should interpret sex education. Many LGBTQ young adults are unsure about how to interpret abstinence-only education. With the main message of abstinence having aShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools1702 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education being enforced in public schools is important and it should be taught in all schools. Young adults are learning that it is important to wait until marriage to have sex. 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Parents do not have absolute veto over the young adults decision, but if the young adult wishes to go against thei r parent’s decision they must receive approval through a clearRead MoreIs Sex Education Bad For Adolescents? Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesSex education has historically been a controversial topic in the United States. Questions like: Is sex education bad for adolescents? How much should young adults know about sex? And will sex education lead to increased sexual activity? Have been argued about passionately for decades. Parents, politicians, academics, religious conservatives and feminists alike have debated the topic. There is a pervasive fear that sex education leads to higher sexual activity that contradicts the popular belief thatRead MoreSex Education : Comprehensive Sexual Education972 Words   |  4 PagesSex Education Comprehensive sexual education has long been a contentious issue within the United States of America. Owing largely to America’s history and culture, sexual education has long been stigmatized as unnecessary involvement in the private life, or even misattributed to rising rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. A U.S. review article, however, poses the opposite argument – â€Å"The overwhelming weight of evidence reveals that sex education which discusses contraceptionRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Safe Sex? Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education In a generation, where being forever young is the motto and a mindset of being invincible convinces various young adults to live a  high-risk lifestyle, unsafe sex is one of the many risky and at times dangerous behaviors that young people take a part in. There are many factors that may lead to this misconstrued judgement. Either  these young adults are  being ill  informed, simply just do not care or are not receiving proper education on the topic of sex and its many pros and cons.  EachRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Education1358 Words   |  6 PagesDo Not Have Sex, You Will Get Pregnant Die (Mean Girls) What if a rapist was coming at someone? Do kids know what to do besides lie on the ground and cry? What if a teenager had an unplanned pregnancy? Do they know their options about abortion or adoption or keeping the baby? Will young adults know the results of their choices? 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It includes other sensitive issues like sexual health, sexual reproduction, sexuality and others that parents often feel uncomfortable talking with their children†(Sex Education in Schools Pros and Cons). Sex education does not start when someone is sexual active, but mostly in Elementry School when the students have no idea what the teacher is saying. However, in today’s world sex is all around from movie posters to magazines. Perhaps teaching children how to

Discussion about Ethical Conflicts and Cultural Differences among Empl

Question: Describe about the Ethical Conflicts and Cultural Differences among Employees? Answer: 1. The organization structure of Quo Terra Real Estate was initially chosen for a real estate company that was in the business of selling real estate from corporate offices, primarily for a consumer to consumer transactions. As QRE expanded into franchising the anticipation was that the modified VP structure would serve the company well when moving forward. One of the benefits of franchising is that some of the challenges associated with a conventional new business are removed such as decisions regarding product, pricing, branding, marketing collateral, signage, etc. (Whittington, 2014). In essence, a business consultant is acquiring some intangible elements which, in theory, should serve to help business consultant reduce business consultant business risk. The franchisor cannot directly enforce the franchisee's obligations to the tenant. If the franchisee defaults under the lease, the landlord can exercise its rights and even forfeit the lease without notice to the franchisor. The f ranchisor may not be able to take possession immediately on termination, which can be vital. This can, however, be provided for in the documentation (Tan Antonio, 2015). 2. Yes, the QRE should have revised/modified their corporate structure in a different way to allow for the integration of their franchisees into the corporate fold. The corporate structure at QRE was designed to accommodate the initial and possible growth into more corporate real estate locations. The President was at the top of the structure (Zadek, Evans Pruzan, 2013). There was a VP of Administration Facilities that also expanded to include Franchising, a VP of Sale Marketing and several years after the startup of QRE All three of these Vice Presidents reported directly to the company president. The org chart was simple, efficient, and made good business sense for their current situation. 3: As the intensity of the franchise offices growth increases, conflicts between the existing offices increased notably in number. Conflicts with personnel hired and transferred between the various corporate and franchise locations had also become a problem. To solve this problem some ethical considerations are: Readily identify clients interests and potential legal positions. Ask whether a conflict or potential for conflict might exist. Inform the franchise of any conflict or potential conflict at the outset of the relationship (Whittington, 2014). If the organization does not represent an employee of the organization, be sure he or she is informed of that fact and receives an Upjohn Warning. Ask whether informed consent can be given and if so, obtain it in writing. Even if clients give informed consent, ask whether business consultant wants to take on joint representation. As the litigation or deal proceeds, readily flag conflict issues that might arise between parties (Whittington, 2014). 4. Yes, QRE considered all of the potential ethical issues when moving forward with their modified corporate structure. As the intensity of the franchise offices growth increases, conflicts between the existing offices increased notably in number. Conflicts with personnel hired and transferred between the various corporate and franchise locations had also become a problem. Even QRE franchise locations were having conflicts (Tan Antonio, 2015). Also, QRE franchisees were upset that, as their offices grow, they are not allowed to move towards the St. Louis market; they feel they are wasting advertising money, and that is unfair that they have to avoid servicing a sizable segment of the nearby population base that their advertising reaches.5. As marketing continues to evolve, this organizational structure will adapt to whatever needs to be come about. Coupled with the adoption of new business processes like Agile Marketing, I believe functional depth expertise, combined with cross-func tional management of the work business consultant team is focused on, will keep a steady stream of ideas flowing, more analytical decisions about which of those ideas to implement, and ultimately create predictability in the outcome of business consultant and business consultant teams efforts (Lee Lee, 2014). Marketing Operations professionals oversee the complexity of the marketing tech stack, Figure 1: Corporate Marketing Structure (Source: Created by author) IT integration, and hypothesis testing, and optimizing customer experiences in the product. Flexible structure allows for adding headcount and functions seamlessly as the company's product mix evolves. Much of the marketing org flows through Product Marketing Managers (PMMs). PMMs partner with functional experts in other sub-departments. References Lee, B., Lee, S. (2014). Ethical Conflicts and Cultural Differences among Employees in the Hospitality Industry. Tan, J. B., Antonio Jr, S. (2015). Control or Let Loose: The Franchising Business in Davao City. International Journal of Accounting Research, 2015. Whittington, R. (2014). Corporate Strategies in Recession and Recovery (Routledge Revivals): Social Structure and Strategic Choice. Routledge. Zadek, S., Evans, R., Pruzan, P. (2013). Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s Essay Example For Students

Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s Essay Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s. This use of satire is consistent throughout the play, and is shown in different ways. Unnecessary violence, manipulation and self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" interest are involved in the play; these morals are related to greed, power and ceasing opportunities. These morals are portrayed though the use of satirical techniques such as irony, exaggeration and unreasonable logic. The characters in the play also resemble the characters in the Shakespeares play, Macbeth. Unnecessary violence is used throughout the play, this violence mainly occurs amongst the rulers. Violence in this play can be questioned by morals because the violence is not justified. Much of the violence that occurs in the play is conducted to gain power. But power can be acquired in other forms instead of violence, but instead the leaders decide to use force. This violence occurs primarily because of the military rule they were under previous to Basha. We see that Basha has taken part in the killing of many leaders in the past, and this killing does not stop once he has becomes the king of Guatu. We will write a custom essay on Soyinka uses a variety of different forms of satire to exaggerate and mock the morals, which the rulers of Nigeria had in the early 1990s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The theme of violence and unnecessary killing is shown through a number of satiric methods, exaggeration, unreasonable logic and the shift in perspectives of different people. Exaggeration is used in the play to point out the fact that the rulers will go to any extent to gain power. Basha says when he sees me eliminate them one after another and with ghastly tortures of first pulling out fingernails and sending him fingers and toes on birthdays of his children. He says this to Maariya after she has questioned him about Potipoos trust in him. This violence is not required and just exaggerates the brutality that goes through Bashas mind. Another scene that we see unnecessary is when Basha is trying to get bank representatives to give Basha an open cheque; the representative says that he does not have the authority to sign an open cheque. Basha says, I see. Shove this fool into open pit. Although Basha may not understand the position of the representatives, he still does not take the time to listen to their explanation, and instead answers will pure violence. This exaggerates the corruption and ignorance of the leaders during the early 1900s in Nigeria. Soyinka uses the satiric device of unreasonable logic through Basha in the play; this is to exaggerate the amount of fear and stupidity that the leaders of Nigeria had at the time. Basha says, I tell him you send me the note to get me to cause rebellion and unrest and I strangle you myself. I carry your dead body to cabinet meeting in my strong arms with tears dripping down my face and drenching my ribbons and medals and I say to Potipoo, look, I love my wife but I love my commander in chief moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The supreme council break into standing ovation Previous to this, Maariya forged a letter to the Commander in Chief Potipoo. Basha uses unreasonable logic here to solve his current situation. Basha could have gone through with this plan if Maariya didnt explain to him what she was doing. This thought of violence is inappropriate for a leader, which shows the terrible quality of leadership that Guatu was under. Here, Basha is willing to sacrifice the life of his wife just so he wont be demoted. Manipulation is used in the play to show how easy it is for someone to take over the country. .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .postImageUrl , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:hover , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:visited , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:active { border:0!important; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:active , .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578 .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf94600baae9c070f0d9fe2777a7de578:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dimmesdale In Nathaniel Hawthorne"s The Scarlet Letter EssayIn king Baabu, the people around him, mainly Maariya, are constantly dominating Basha. Manipulation is a factor that has to be considered when discussing morals; Maariya has a good opportunity to control the country through Basha. She does not care if Basha is hurt or harmed in the process, she simply wants control. Basha is being controlled and is used as a shield between Maariya and the citizens, which can be considered morally wrong. Exaggeration and irony have been used to show the manipulation through out the play. This use of manipulation can also be seen in Shakespeare play of Macbeth, as Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth. She drives him towards the throne, sometimes against his own will. Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to kill Duncan who was the king of Scotland; Macbeth as a result then becomes the king of Scotland. We can almost see a replica of this event in King Baabu when Maariya convinces Basha to drive Potipoo out of power. In both these plays we see a dominant female who gets into power through their spouse. If their plan fails then she would not be blamed for it, instead their spouse would. Maariya uses Basha as a shield to get into power, without taking the risk of paying the penalty. Exaggeration is used to show the ignorance of Basha in the play, it also shows the greed for power that people around Basha have. In Act 1 Scene 5, Basha is talking to the crowd and Tikim is telling Basha what to say because the crowd perceives Basha as another military ruler. Tikim says tell them Basha Bash is dead this is so that the crowd can understand that Basha will run the country as a democracy rather than a military rule. Basha says, What you say? I standing here before you and you tell me Basha Bash is dead? This irritates Tikim as Basha is so ignorant and cannot see that he is figuratively speaking. This shows the audience the type of leaders that Nigeria had at the time. Irony is commonly used in the play to show how Basha is being manipulated, and how he has no idea about what is happening around him. I agree to share the allocation for fertilizers with Potipoo. Fifty à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" fifty we make deal. If this works, I can take back my fifty and keep the entire hundred. Basha says this to Maariya after she has fully explained the plan, which is to eliminate Potipoo. This is ironic because if the plan does work then it will be Maariya that will be taking the entire hundred as she is in control. In this situation Maariya has created a plan to drive Potipoo out of leadership, but if the plan fails then Maariya will not be taking the blame, it will be Basha that will be taking the blame. She uses Basha as a shield, and as he is stupid enough to follow the lead of Maariya, she will have no problems. Another occurrence where we see Maariya take control is when Basha is just about to talk to the citizens of Guatu. Maariya is dressed in full traditional attire and Basha is dressed in military gear. She says TK Tikim will you shut him up and get him to aspire to some dignity. This is ironic as Basha is the person that is supposes to be in charge, but Maariya is the one that is dressed more appropriate; this is to send a good image of herself to the citizens of Guatu. Form these scenes we can come to understand the mentality of the people who were supporting the leader, they all want to get into power by any means necessary. And because Basha doesnt understand what is going on, it leaves him very vulnerable to manipulation. .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .postImageUrl , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:hover , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:visited , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:active { border:0!important; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:active , .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576 .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1807262063b29e051b4e50f158809576:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elizabeth Proctor EssayBasha is very materialistic, and this is obvious in the play. He says, What this dry chest know about war chest? he is referring to Maaryias breasts, and explaining to Tikim and Maaryia that she is no longer attractive. And that he wants to have many wives like King David and King Solomon. This conversation is also ironic, as Maaryia probably understands more about the war chest than Basha. She understands the value that the war chest contains and knows how to use it to the countries advantage instead of using it for personal pleasure. The plays show the level of selfishness that the leaders had, and it is exaggerated in King Baabu. In many occasions Basha talks about how he is hungry after a significant event has occurred. Basha says time not to stop this nuisance of rumbling stomach. This is after he has thrown two bank representatives into the pit. The fact that Basha says this after the event shows us what he has been thinking during his conversations with these bank representatives. By doing this Soyinka makes the audience understand the priorities of the leaders at the time, in a humorous way. Another instance where we see the selfishness of Basha is when he takes the rhinoceros horn and grinds it into powder. The rhinoceros horn could have been sold as ivory, but instead he grinds it up, and uses it as Viagra. Maaryia says we need the foreign exchange but you keep grinding them to powder to give yourself cheap erection. Here he priorities his own pleasure over the countries financial problems. Maariya says you dont become great by mixing sex with power, and in the end this rhinoceros powder kills him as it is poisoned. This just proves Maariyas statement to be true. These satiric techniques are what highlight the morals of the play, it sends out the morals to the audience in a comical way. The use of satire gives the audience a clear understanding of what was happening in Nigeria in the early 1990s. Presenting the scenes in a comical way will allow the audience to truly understand what was happening from a primary source, Soyinka. Morals in this play are an important part, as the play has to convey the message of what was happening, such as the unnecessary violence, death, corruption and greed.

Conceiving and Measuring Managers Performance

Conceiving and Measuring Managers Performance Introduction The success of every organization depends upon its management. The management incorporates the managing director who in most cases is referred to as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the other middle level managers who are the heads of various organizational departments.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Conceiving and Measuring Managers Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The CEO alone cannot adequately enhance the management of an organization and so the other management staff is equally important in critical decision-making. Successful implementation of company’s various strategies requires total commitment and cooperation on the part of the management of the organization. Almost all organizations have stakeholders who have stakes either directly or indirectly in the organization (Goddard Broad, 2010, p. 64). The manner in which an organization is run will attract varying attitudes from the stakeholders or any other external bodies that may be having direct link to the company. These attitudes will be based on how the managers are running the organizations. It is important to assess managers’ performance t o ascertain how the set goals and objectives are being or likely to be achieved. This will call for an appropriate action against those managers who are not performing accordingly and a different direction can be sought. The following report will try to analyze how the managers’ performance can be measured and the complications involved in the entire process. Performance Management Indicators and Systems There is no reason to retain a manager who cannot deliver. The managers’ goals should be in line with organizations’ functional goals and objectives. Managers must always be achievers and they should focus on getting the organization to the highest possible level. That is why poor performing managers are usually retrenc hed or have their contracts terminated because of non-performance. The overall performance of an organization is the summation of all the individual sections’ performance in that organization. This calls for the people of high integrity, excellent credentials in their fields of management and well devoted to their work in order to achieve organizational goals. This calls for proper performance management in an organization.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performance management is a tool for evaluating how the company has successfully achieved its goals and objectives and to what extend it has achieved them. This will direct the relevant authority to take the most appropriate corrective measures in time. Groove, Joby Fisk (2006, p. 252) maintained that performance management can be applied based on performance management systems. These systems ca n be used in line with specific consideration of behaviors (the manner in which work is completed) or results (the outcomes realized) or both aspects are used. Management by objectives is part of a performance management system based on measuring the outcomes. Performance management systems can also be based on processes rather than results. These are competencies, intelligence, skills-based or professionalism (Goddard Broad, 2010, p.67). Whichever the approach is adopted, it should give the best evaluation to determine the organization’s position and future potential prospects. Performance management is a perpetual process of managing businesses. An appropriate assessment tool should be used to detect and assess how the managers are propelling the business. Proper monitoring of the performance of employees can yield substantial benefits to the organization. There are factors that can be used to tell whether an organization is under good management. These include customer sa tisfaction, employee retention and profitability of the organization. A well-managed organization will satisfy the customers or clients through meeting their demand and offering high quality services. Employees too are interested in remaining in an organization where their efforts are being appreciated and this can be achieved through ensuring proper communication channels are maintained, proper delegation of duties, specialization and division of labor and motivating them by showing appreciation to them for example promoting them when they deserve it. A company or an organization that fulfils these factors gives a clear indication that the performance of managers is going well.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Conceiving and Measuring Managers Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship between the employees of an organization and the top management is another critical issue that should be given a priority in measuring the performance management. The managers ought to give feedback to the employees on a regular basis concerning the ongoing of the organization. This is important information since it makes employees aware of how far the organization has gone in achieving the set goals and objectives and how development plans are faring. This information also identifies areas that need to be improved. The employees are able to adjust their efforts based on the feedback they get from their managers. The management team of the organization determines this relationship in most cases. There are some managers who do not give their employees freedom to express themselves or do not involve them in any decision making process of the organization. Such managers are harsh and portray dictatorial style of leadership and they expect things to be done as they direct regardless of whether they are wrong or right. The ultimate outcome in such organizations is poor relationship betwe en the management and the sub-ordinate staff and the employees perform their duties not because of respect but because fear has been instilled in them. Such managers are poor performers and can drive the organization into a bankruptcy position especially if it is a financial entity. Performance Management Process Aguins (2009, p. 75) asserts that performance management is a continuous process that involves a number of stages. The stages take place in a cyclical manner. The first stage entails acquiring information on the company’s strategic goals and mission as well as knowing the work in question well. Performance planning is the actual discussion between the management and the employees and ensuring you come into a consensus on what should be done and how is going to be done. In performance assessment, both employees and the managers are involved and it evaluates the extent to which the desired behaviors have been attended to and whether the anticipated outcomes have been a chieved (Groove, Joby Fisk 2006 p. 255). This is a very important stage as it provides an avenue in which the employee receives feedback on hi/her performance. Re-contracting is the final stage and is very essential to the planning component. It uses the insights gained from all other stages.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The managers’ performance receives varying conceptions depending on the relationship between the organization and the parties with stakes in the company (Jean-Franà §ois, 2004, p.93). A poorly performing company can be criticized from different perspectives or reasons as to why it is being viewed that way. The opinions will depend on the expectations of the interested parties. Let us for example look at the shareholders of a profit making company. The shareholders commit their funds in a company with one main reason and that is to get revenues or profits in terms dividends. A company may decide not to pay dividends for a particular year(s) because of low returns. Subsequently since the shareholders’ expectations have not been met, they raise a complaint and if you go asking their opinions the answers you will get is that the managers of the company are performing poorly and they need to be replaced. On another perspective, we might have the suppliers of goods and othe r materials and other creditors including banks. Delaying their debts will create a problem, as they will perceive that a company that cannot honor dues in time shows declining performance and the blame is laid on the management team of the company (Aguins 2009, p. 75). Finally, the most important person who can destroy the company’s image if his/her expectations are not met is the customer. In the event that customer demands are not met either qualitatively or quantitatively, he/she can be very disappointed and shift the consumption of the products to another potential supplier in a highly competitive market. Moreover, if you want to know who has been blamed in this context ask the customers and all the answers will be same, that they have no confidence with the management of the company in question. These indicators can be used to measure the managers’ performance and instances of different conceptions from different parties. In fact, both the CEO of the company and the other managers must ensure that all the above aspects are adequately addressed. It is important that measures of managers’ performance reflect the total value of work done. The set of behaviors that are relevant to the organizational goals where that person works is referred to as performance domain (Morse Wagner 1978, p. 23). Performance must be measurable in accordance with managers’ contribution towards organizational objectives. This is because failure of the management to achieve certain goals may be caused by an individual manager in a management team. For instance, low profits of a company might have been caused by low sales, which was because of poor marketing strategies by the marketing manager. The other departmental managers might have played their roles well but due to failure of one of their teams, the blame will befall on the entire management team and in particular the overall manager. Therefore, good parameters should be used to assess the individu al’s contribution towards performance of the company. Performance is not a consequence of action. It is the action itself. Performance is different from effectiveness, which is viewed as the total values of the organizational behaviors. Nevertheless, this does not mean effectiveness measures do not have the utility for assessing performance of managers. Valid assessments need that only variation sources in performance and effectiveness controlled by managers’ need to be assessed. Therefore, assessment of managers’ performance should incorporate only those elements that are within their scope of control (Sevastos Hosie 2009, p. 148). Management takes place within the organizational context. Therefore, for the sake of effectiveness, there must be a fit between the performance of managers and goals of an organization. Managers’ performance can be defined as the total value of contribution towards the effectiveness and the goals of organization attained join tly by the managers and people as determined by factors controlled by managers’ in a given environment. Roles and Responsibilities of Managers It is the managers’ responsibility to maintain as well as improve the performance of the people under his control, which in this case may mean the employees. There is a relationship between managers’ performance and the level of achievement of organizational goals together with people (Aguinis, 2009, p.79). Managers should practice the principle of empowering by encouraging the employees. Managers’ roles include policy formulation, strategy development, giving direction, facilitation and extensive monitoring of the performance of others. It is the role of managers to plan, organize, lead and control. T hese roles have been linked to managerial behaviors, which are â€Å"direction setting, problem solving and decision making.† Managers’ behavior can easily be distinguished from that of non- managers: m anagers decide command and coordinate while performers implement, obey and undertake the specialized tasks delegated to them. A manager should manifest his competencies and technical expertise through proper handling of things as well as coordinating them in the most appropriate manner possible (Grove, Joby Fisk, 2006). Minzberg (2004, p. 77) suggested that the managerial role ignores matters related to ownership and power and suggests that contingency factors yield variations in the managerial work characteristics. These characters include environmental factors (physical location, climate and community characteristics), job matters (level of hierarchy, functions and level of supervision), individual variables (tastes, personality, preferences and style) and situational factors (technological advancement and time-related factors). An organized set of behaviors form job role. Managers perform multiple roles to meet the increasing demands of performing their functions (Minzberg 2004 p. 80). Contextual Performance and Organizational effectiveness Many scholars from varying traditions agree that behavioral patterns that are outside formal job task requirements are significant for human performance, effectiveness, and profitability of organizations. Contextual behaviors make a huge contribution in maintaining and enhancing social and psychological environment that facilitates technical production system (Lindberg, Bartholomew Kaiser 2007, p.50). Actually, contextual performance leads to the improvement of effectiveness of departmental units and the entire organization. There is a tentative link between effectiveness of an organization and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Therefore, it is advisable to include managers’ contribution towards the effectiveness of an organization when measuring performance of managers. Contextual aspects of managers’ work are very critical and significant as far as the productivity of an organization is concern ed. Operationalizing Managers’ Performance Past studies indicate that sometimes measuring managers’ performance is limited by lack of common metric for assessing the performance. Many different opinions have come up as to which measures are valid for measuring the performance of managers in an organizational context. Measuring managers’ performance to come up with clear comparisons between managers from different domains and organizations is empirically difficult since managers’ work is faced with many complications. Links between managers’ Contextual and Task Performance According to Motowidlo, Borman and Schmits (1997, p. 72), the difference between task and contextual performance is shown by the figure below (Fig. 1.0) Fig. 1.0 Theory of personal differences in contextual and task performance Theory of contextual and task performance stemmed from the literature that was thought to be the best for developing a suitable measurement instrument. Th e theory dimensions make up the performance. Consistence maintenance of contextual behaviors across individuals may contribute to effectiveness in an organization. Contextual behaviors are directly linked to personality while task is linked to cognitive ability. Contextual and task performance depend upon different predictors (Carmeli Tishler, 2006, p. 25). Cognitive ability and personality are mediated by intelligence, skills and job habits. All classifications emphasize that behaviors that entails solidarity and assisting others contribute ultimately to the effectiveness in an organization. The establishment of a good work environment for optimal performance can eradicate pressures on managers resulting from unrealistic performance demands (Lant Shapira 2008, p. 79). This can be attained by reduction of the complexity of practices of organizational and accelerating job security. Negative emotions have been identified as aspects of negative affectivity that lead to the managersâ €™ perception that the environment is posing a threat to them. Too much pressurization in work that is too complex can result to negative or positive affectivity. Evaluations of affective well being and sufficient job satisfaction should be in line with working environment where the manager is operating. Competence, devotion, commitment, and aspiration are some of the behavioral components of mental health associated with positive levels of affective well being and job satisfaction. High performing managers are in most cases exposed to challenging job assignments. This gives them an opportunity to handle the most difficult and complex tasks and they can gain a valuable experience that can enable them work in varying job environments since there is proof they are achievers (Mintzberg, 2004). Managers who spend substantial amounts of their time in jobs with less or no opportunities to gain skills and control mechanisms are likely to become incompetent. Highly motivated managers wh o like challenges may respond to risks in a manner that may raise their anxiety but without affecting their adverse well-being and sufficient job satisfaction (Micari 2007, p.460). One way of enhancing affective well-being in managers is through allowing them a recreational leave after undertaking a highly complex and demanding work assignment. Performance is defined more broadly than just considering whether the managers are completing their tasks and performing their duties accordingly. Additional factors like contextual performance need to be considered when forming an assessment of managers’ performance (Aguinis, 2009). Other tools that can be used to measure managers’ performance Sevastos Hosie (2009, p. 140) pointed out there were other diagnostic tools used to measure managers’ performance. It should also be noted that these measurements must be quantitative, accurate, reliable and proactive to support the corporate culture. These tools are: Foundation information: This refers to organization’s financial documents like profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flows. Thorough inspection and auditing of these documents can indicate the financial position of an organization and tell how the managers have been performing. Productivity information: This focuses on the productivity of key resources, labor in particular. The productivity will determine whether the there is Return on Investment on the part of the company. High productivity shows excellent managers’ performance. Competence information: This is not an easy task. It tries to look at how many innovations a company has made. The more the innovations are, the better the management of the company. Resource allocation information: This shows the manner in which resources are allocated in an organization. Optimal allocation of resources can give an indication of whether the company is under good management. General Mental Ability (GMA) is a good predictor of work performance in general and managers’ performance in particular. From a theoretical perspective, the determining variables in job performance are GMA, work experience and individual trait of conscientiousness. Thus, there is need for incorporating a measure of conscientiousness in any consideration of the performance of the managers. Conclusion Measuring of managers’ performance is an elaborate exercise that goes beyond what managers are achieving within their organizations’ set goals and objectives. Organizational effectiveness alone is not a sufficient measure of the organizational or managers’ performance. The overall performance of a business entity or organization is the contribution of individual managers’ performance. No performance of an organization can be attributed to individual managers’ contribution (Carmeli Tishler, 2006, p. 20). Contextual behavior and organizational efficiency are equally important in assessing the manag ers’ performance and should be taken into consideration whenever any performance of the organization is to be carried out. Many organizations ignore some critical factors that should not be left out while formulating a measurement criterion. It should be also noted that the measurement is a complex thing and as such, it calls for competence, experience and relevant skills to make it a success. References Aguinis, H. (2009) Performance management. 2 Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Carmeli, A. Tishler, A. (2006) The relative importance of the top management teams, managerial skills International Journal of Manpower Vol: 27 Issue: 1 ISSN: 0143-7720 Date: 2006 Pages: 9 36 Goddard, A. Broad, M. (2010) Internal performance management with UK higher education, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 14(1) pp. 60 –66 Grove, J., Joby, J. Fisk, P. (2006) Improvisation in service performances: Lessons from jazz, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 16(3) pp. 247 268 Jean-Franà §ois, H. (2004) Performance measurement and Organizational Effectiveness: bridging the gap, Managerial Finance, Vol. 30(6) pp. 93 – 123 Lant, T. Shapira, Z. (2008) Managerial reasoning about aspirations and expectations, Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, Vol. 66(1) pp. 60 73 Lindberg, T., Bartholomew, C., Kaiser, R. (2007) Assessing the Flexibility of Managers: A comparison of Methods International, Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 15(1) pp. 40 – 55 Micari, M. (2007) Assessment Beyond Performance: Phenomenography in Education. Evaluation American, Journal of Evaluation, Vol. 28(4) pp. 458 – 476 Mintzberg, H. (2004) Managers not MBAs: A hard look at the soft practice of Managing and Management development. San Francisco, California: Berret-Koehler Morse, J. Wagner, F. (1978) Measuring the process of Managerial effectiveness, Academy of Management Journal, 21(1), pp. 24-35 Motowidlo, S., Borman C. Schmit, J. (1997) A theory of i ndividual difference in task contextual performance, Human Performance, 10(2), pp. 71-83 Sevastos, P. Hosie, J. (2009) Does the â€Å"happy productive worker† thesis apply to managers, International Journal of Workplace Health Management Vol. 2(2) pp. 131 – 160.

Definition and Examples of Declarative Questions

Definition and Examples of Declarative Questions A declarative question is a  yes-no question that has the form of a declarative sentence but is spoken with rising intonation at the end. Declarative sentences are commonly used in informal speech to express surprise or ask for verification. The most likely response to a declarative question is agreement or confirmation. Examples and Observations You think Im kidding you? You think its a joke to have to walk home on a clear night with an umbrella? You think that because Im quirky I dont hurt? Youve got it backward. Im quirky because I hurt.(Jack Weston as Danny in The Four Seasons, 1981)Henry Rowengartner: Wow, you ate that whole thing?Frick: Why, sure! It wasnt that much.(Rookie of the Year, 1993)This isnt working out, Jin-ho said. Were going to have to let you go.Youre firing me? she said.Yes. Ann will call you Monday re the paperwork.Youre firing me  at a bar? Outside the bathroom in a bar?â€Å"Im sorry if it doesnt suit your high standards.(Stephanie Clifford, Everybody Rise. St. Martins Press, 2015)Vivian: I was supposed to ride that barrel right out of this crummy town.Jaye: And you never considered a bus?(Barrel Bear, Wonderfalls, 2004) Declarative Questions vs. Rhetorical Questions A declarative question has the form of a statement: ​Youre leaving? but has the intonation of a question when spoken and is marked by a question mark in writing.A declarative question differs from a rhetorical question such as: Do you think I was born yesterday? in two ways:(Loreto Todd and Ian Hancock, International English Usage. Routledge, 1986) A rhetorical question has the form of a question:Was I tired?A declarative question seeks an answer. A rhetorical question requires no answer since it is semantically equivalent to an emphatic declaration:Do you think Im stupid? (i.e. Im certainly not stupid)Am I tired? (i.e. Im extremely tired.)

COMPERATIVE STUDY TO DETERMINE THE BEST DIANOSTIC IMAGE MODALITY IN Essay

COMPERATIVE STUDY TO DETERMINE THE BEST DIANOSTIC IMAGE MODALITY IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD) - Essay Example Similar to pathology in the coronary arteries, the pathologic hallmark of the lesions involves plaques of atherosclerosis with calcium deposition, thinning of the media, patchy destruction of muscle and elastic fibers, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, and thrombi composed of platelets and fibrin (Duerschmied et al., 2006, 310-315). According to statistics delineated in different articles, the primary sites of involvement are the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries comprising 30% of symptomatic patients; the femoral and popliteal arteries consisting of 80 to 90% of patients, and the more distal vessels, including the tibial and peroneal arteries making 40 to 50% of patients (McDermott, 2006, S2). Mechanically and topographically, atherosclerotic lesions occur preferentially at arterial branch points, which are sites of increased turbulence leading to altered shear stress, and hence injury to the tunica intima. Epidemiologic and demographic data suggest that the distal vasc ulature is most commonly involved in elderly individuals, mostly in patients with diabetes mellitus (Marso and Hiatt, 2006, 921-929). The history and physical examination are usually sufficient to establish the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). An objective assessment of the severity of disease is obtained by noninvasive techniques. These include digital pulse volume recordings; Doppler flow velocity waveform analysis; duplex ultrasonography, which combines B-mode imaging and pulse-wave Doppler examination; segmental pressure measurements; transcutaneous oximetry; stress testing, usually using a treadmill; and tests of reactive hyperemia (Mohler, III, 2003, 2306-2314). In the presence of significant PAD, the volume displacement in the leg is decreased with each pulse, and the Doppler velocity contour becomes progressively flatter. Duplex ultrasonography is often useful in detecting stenotic lesions in native

Contemporary Issues in Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary Issues in Auditing - Assignment Example An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe our that our audit will provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Our audit procedures will include test of of documentary evidence supporting the transactions recorded in the transactions, tests of physical existence of inventories, and direct confirmation of receivables and certain other assets and liabilities by correspondence with selected customers, creditors, legal counsel, and banks. At the conclusion of our audit, we request certain written representations from you about the financial statements and other related matters. Our fees for this audit will be based on the time spent by various members of our audit staff at our regular rates, pus direct direct expenses. We will notify you immediately if any circumstances we encounter that could significantly affect our initial audit fee estimate f In order to us to work as efficiently as possible, it is understood that your accounting staff will provide us with the prior year's trial balance on or before January 15, 2008, and also with the schedules and and account analysis described on the separate attachment. It is standard operating procedure tha... ..................... February 20, 2008 Delivery of audit report......................... March 5, 2008 Our fees for this audit will be based on the time spent by various members of our audit staff at our regular rates, pus direct direct expenses. We will notify you immediately if any circumstances we encounter that could significantly affect our initial audit fee estimate f8,000. In order to us to work as efficiently as possible, it is understood that your accounting staff will provide us with the prior year's trial balance on or before January 15, 2008, and also with the schedules and and account analysis described on the separate attachment. If these arrangements re in accordance with your understanding, please sign this letter in the space provided and return to a copy to us at your earliest convenience. Very truly yours,----------------------------------- Carter and Corbin Chartered Accountants Accepted by: ____________________ Date Ethical Part cover 15% - The information that should be passed to the new auditors- clearance from previous auditor To the Stockholders, Rentokill Initial London November 28, 2007 Dear sir/maa'am: It is standard operating procedure that a new external auditor must contact your company's former external auditor. Thus, please send us recommendation letter addressed to your prior

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay What evidence is there in A Christmas Carol of social, cultural and historical contexts? A Christmas Carol is rich with historical, cultural and social contexts, all poignantly intertwined throughout the text. As the story is set in Victorian times, we are immediately given a sense of time and place in stave 1, by descriptions of both customs and daily routines. As the tale was set so long ago, there were obviously no modern appliances or conveniences. Dickens shows this as he describes Scrooges counting house. Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerks fire was so much very smaller that it looked like one coal, and tried to warm himself at the candle. We are also given an insight into the era when Dickens outlines customs in the streets Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links, proffering their services to go before horses in carriages, and to conduct them on their way The language used, I believe, is also influential to the overall story. Again Dickens is setting a time frame, which the tale adheres to, and the phrases used by some characters highlight this I am sorry with all my heart to find you so resolute. We have never had any quarrel, to which I have been a party. But I have made the trial in homage to Christmas, and Ill keep my Christmas humour to the last, Stop till I shut the door of the shop. Ah! How it skreeks! There ant such a rusty bit of metal in the place as its own hinges From the beginning of the novel and, obviously due to its title, we can see that there is much influence from the cultural aspects of Christmas. As the story is set in the festive season, great emphasis is stressed on Scrooges attitudes compared to those around him at this traditionally jovial time of year/ This is a major factor in the structure of the story, although it is the general social and cultural side of the holiday rather than the religious meaning. In fact religion is only suggested once, It might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see, but isnt as important as the suggestion of charity and kindness to ones fellow man. The social aspects of the time, particularly the attitudes of some upper class towards the lower classes, play an important role in the story and are voiced by, and then turned against, Scrooge. When asked whether he wishes to support a charity, Scrooge replies that prisons and workhouses are all the charity the poor need. The harshness of these remarks are later presented to Scrooge in a different context and he begins to realize the full error of his ways- a major point in the story. Dickens, contrary to Scrooges thinking, later criticizes these opinions when we are shown the extent of the Cratchits poverty. I believe the sympathy Dickens arouses when describing the house, stems from his own childhood where he was forced to work in a workhouse similar to those Scrooge talks about. This, I think, provides strong emotional aspects in the text and enables Dickens to effectively compel his audience to disagree with the social views presented.

Whoops Essay -- Analysis, John Lanchester

The book â€Å"Whoops! Why everyone owes everyone and no one can pay† by John Lanchester, will be analyzed in this essay in order to look at the wider geopolitical banking strategy, the roles and development of international institutions and strategies that have lead to the current economic crisis. At the beginning of the book, the author identifies two key events which created the environment for such a crisis to occur: the Cold war and the tearing down of the Berlin Wall. These two events are pointed out because as he sees it, the cold war provided the capitalist nations with an opposite system to compare to, and its advantages in terms of social justice and peoples rights were incomparable. However after the fall of the Berlin Wall, â€Å"capitalism began a victory party that lasted twenty years† (J.Lanchester, p15), and as at its core capitalism is not an equal distributor of wealth, in addition to many countries after the fall abandoning their focus on social justice and focusing on growth, which was not sustainable. Here the author starts to lead the reader to considering how the strategies of society as a whole and key agent of the financial industry were formation of the environment in which they were. A proportion of the blame must lie with certain agents of the industry and their lack of actions. Deregulation had gone too far and governments were too slow or unwilling to act on time. An example given is when five major banks (Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers, Bear Sterns, and Morgan Stanley) in 2004 were allowed to cut the amount of capital they had to hold as a reserve against potential loses. (J.Lanchester, p.163). The author points out how successful lobbying had become and that those banks at one point wer... ...100). These three banks had to all be bailed out. This situation incorporates the key four elements of the author’s argument, and is one of many. The book’s prevailing theme is how the strategy adopted by various agents of the financial industry has trickled down to the society. The author upon mentioning the creation of securitization, several times notes that this is what â€Å"broke banking†. This change in strategy of banks and the society as a whole led to many changes. The lender and the borrower being separated and the loan sold-off is a key flaw and arguably, speaking in general terms can be largely attributed to the systematic errors existence which played a large role in the most recent crisis. Throughout the book there is a feeling that the author sees the system as not being beneficial to the end consumer when fundamentally this should be the opposite.

Belonging Essay

Belonging is a natural reaction, intrinsic. We search in order to find a community, a group of friends, a country in which we belong. America is a place whereWhen we feel uncomfortable, we say â€Å"I don’t belong here† and when you find a situation in which you are happy, you can be yourself, natural and free you feel as if it was created only for you. It can also be the most wonderfully liberating experience when you find yourself in a culture in which you do not belong. In not belonging, you become someone free of restrictions, free of the expectations, free to creatively exre your imagination without the guilt that often latently lies behind the veiled threat of failure and disappointment. The apparent fact of not belonging is open for everyone, but it†tms the course of action taken in light of this cultural segregation which should be the goal of the traveler today. â€Å"I had, I realized become strangely accustomed to living in Korea, even though a part of me desired to be back on the beach in Thailand. Rules, or lack of, which shaped me more as an individual than any thing else I had experienced in my life. We are expected to increase our spending power as we age, not our understanding of other cultures, not our compassion for each other or for those living on the other side of the economic spectrum. The traveler, if open to the possibility, is in a perfect position to experience this transcendence. America is the ultimate machine, the ultimate company, and the by-product of its hyper capitalist model is the increasingly glaring loss of personal creativity and individualism within its borders. We are consumers and we are resources to be used and abused in a cycle of production of consumption. I didn†tmt belong, but I could never belong and it was a liberating experience, one which taught me in a way the rules for living on the fringe of a society. I was an outsider, I obviously did not belong into this society, one which is very homogeneous, one in which a foreigner learns to live with the constant attention of being gawked and stared at, around each corner, in each subway car, in every restaurant, everywhere. In our own cultures, where in a sense, at least culturally, linguistically and historically we do belong, life often becomes a stifling world in which our lives are predestined, packaged products.

No Life Without Education Essay

â€Å"Born in San Francisco in 1876 Jack London grew up in a world witnessing the settlement of the last frontier. It was a world in transition. The memory of Jack London’s early life was etched and scarred by the bitterness of poverty. His family was continually on the move to find subsistence. At the age of ten the boy was on the street selling newspapers to supplement the family’s meager income. For fourteen years thereafter — until his first writing success at twenty-four. He became a â€Å"work beast† laboring in a cannery, a jute mill, a laundry, and shoveling coal in a power station. He worked for ten cents an hour, thirteen to fourteen hours a day, six and seven days a week. Is it any wonder that he saw life in terms of man’s unending struggle against a ruthless nature? Is it any wonder that he saw in socialism a chance for the salvation of others as lost as he had once been? Is it any wonder that he hungered for knowledge and success that would lift him above the degrading plain of poverty? Look, then, to the formative years for a clue to the life and works of Jack London. There you will see the birth of that indomitable spirit which could eventually lead him only to a philosophy of individualism. In his heart and sympathies Jack London was a socialist; he could not forget the sufferings of his past. But in his mind and actions he struggled — he was an individualist — he could not forget his achievements. Throughout his life he struggled valiantly to reconcile these conflicting philosophies. While he did not live long enough to begin the autobiography his notes indicate he planned to write, we are fortunate that so much of his writing is autobiographical in nature. Oyster pirate, deep-sea sailor, hobo, Alaskan prospector, all these incidents in his life make fascinating reading. But most important of all Jack London’s adventures was his struggle to become a writer. Without guidance, writing under almost impossible circumstances, for the most part educating himself, and faced with continual economic hardship, he stumbled and groped for three long years in the literary wilderness. In the beginning the rejection slips followed one another with monotonous regularity. Had he been a weaker man he might have succumbed. Certainly the odds were against him. But at the end of his three-year travail success was his. He had conquered his Everest; the world was at his feet! † He became the highest paid, most popular novelist and short story writer of his day. He wrote passionately and prolifically about the great questions of life and death, the struggle to survive with dignity and integrity, and he wove these elemental ideas into stories of high adventure based on his own first hand experiences at sea, or in Alaska, or in the fields and factories of California. As a result, his writing appealed not to the few, but to millions of people all around the world. Along with his books and stories, however, London was widely known for his personal exploits. He was a celebrity, a colorful and controversial personality who was often in the news. Generally fun-loving and playful, he could also be combative, and was quick to side with the underdog against injustice or oppression of any kind. He was a fiery and eloquent public speaker, and much sought after as a lecturer on socialism and other economic and political topics. Despite his avowed socialism, most people considered him a living symbol of rugged individualism, a man whose fabulous success was due not to special favor of any kind, but to a combination of unusual mental ability and immense vitality. Strikingly handsome, full of laughter, restless and courageous to a fault, always eager for adventure on land or sea, he was one of the most attractive and romantic figures of his time. He described his literary success largely to hard work – to â€Å"dig,† as he put it. He tried never to miss his early morning 1,000-word writing stint, and between 1900 and 1916 he completed over fifty books, including both fiction and non-fiction, hundreds of short stories, and numerous articles on a wide range of topics. Several of the books and many of the short stories are classics of their kind, well thought of in critical terms and still popular around the world. Today, almost countless editions of his writings are available and some of them have been translated into as many as seventy different languages. Somehow, he managed to do all these things and still find time to go swimming, horseback riding, or sailing on San Francisco Bay. He also spent 27 months cruising the South Pacific in the Snark, put in two tours of duty as an overseas war correspondent, traveled widely for pleasure, entertained a continual stream of guests whenever he was at home in Glen Ellen, and did his fair share of barroom socializing and debating. In order to fit all this living into the narrow confines of one lifetime, he often tried to make do with no more than four or five hours of sleep at night. By the age of 29 he was already internationally famous for The Call of the Wild (1903), The Sea-Wolf (1904), and other literary and journalistic accomplishments. He was divorced from Bessie, his first wife and the mother of his two daughters, Joan and Little Bess, and he had married Charmian (Kittredge). Summary Buck, a physically impressive dog, is living the good life in California when he gets stolen and put into dog slavery. For him, this means pulling a ridiculously heavy sled through miles and miles of frozen ice with little or nothing to eat and frequent beatings. As the definition of a domestic dog, Buck is out of his element until he begins to adapt to his surroundings, and learn from the other dogs. Buck also starts having strange dreams about the primitive days of dogs and men, before the advent of cities or houses or culture. There are no rules or morality here (interesting, since Buck’s first owner was a judge), save for what is called â€Å"the law of club and fang,† a kill-or-be-killed, ruthless way of thinking. Buck becomes involved in a struggle for power with another dog, Spitz. They end up fighting and Buck wins, taking over as leader of the sled dog team. The team changes human management (new drivers) and the new people don’t seem to be very competent. They’re bad drivers and end up killing everyone, including themselves. Fortunately, Buck is saved by a kind man named John Thornton, moments before the group death in an icy river. Buck becomes attached to Thornton and even saves his life several times. Buck sets off on a journey with his new master and several other men, loving his new life, except for the need to run off and kill things in the woods every once in a while. Buck fights with temptation: stay with Thornton, or kill things? Be civilized, or be wild? And naturally there are several missed phone calls from The Wild and a lot of angry messages (â€Å"Where are you already?†). At the end of Call of the Wild, Thornton is killed by the Yeehat tribe, on which Buck later extracts vengeance. Buck is then free to run with the wild dog packs, but only on the condition that he is leader. Character sketch Thornton Character Analysis Thornton is one of the main human characters in the book. He is important in the life of Buck, but we don’t know much about him. In one sense, Thornton’s role in the story is to help us learn more about Buck – Thornton’s there so we can understand this mysterious call of the wild and why Buck feels torn about whether to stay with humans or go into the wild. Thornton is both the greatest thing that’s ever happened to Buck and the one thing holding back from his true destiny as a wild dog pack leader. One the one hand, Buck is devoted to Thornton in a way that he is not devoted to anyone or anything else – recall how Buck was willing to jump off a cliff for Thornton. On the other hand, Thornton’s presence is preventing Buck from going off into the wild and answering â€Å"the call† that he hears so often. How do you view Thornton’s role in The Call of the Wild? Does he bring out the best in Buck, or does he prevent Buck from realizing his dream? Or is it both? Francois Character Analysis OK, if you’re having a hard time keeping Francois and Perrault straight, Francois is the Robin character in this Batman and Robin-like team. He doesn’t have Perrault’s brains, and defers to his buddy’s decisions. But Francois is a nice guy, as we see when he uses his own shoes to make moccasins for Buck. In short, we’re partial to the guy, and we feel sorry when Buck parts ways with the two men. Buck’s commentary on how the people in his life are always transient becomes all the more sad for us, because we’ve already gotten to like Francois and Perrault.

Ac202 Chapter 18 Notes Essay Example

Ac202 Chapter 18 Notes Essay Example Ac202 Chapter 18 Notes Paper Ac202 Chapter 18 Notes Paper Chapter 18 Cost Volume Profit Analysis Prof. Baick 1. Cost-Volume Profit Analysis A technique that examines changes in profits in response to changes in sales volumes, costs, and prices 2. Components of Graphing CVP Analysis Relationships $ D C B A units where: F = Total fixed costs P = Price per unit of product (goods or services) Profit = Targeted profit level Q = Quantity of product sold (goods or services) TR = Total revenue TVC = Total variable costs V = Variable cost per unit 1 3. Assumptions Made in CVP Analysis Number of output units only revenue driver and only cost driver Total costs can be separated into the primary categories of variable costs and fixed costs Total revenues and total costs are linear within the relevant range (and time period) Unit selling price, unit variable costs, and fixed costs known and constant Single product or constant sales mix Time value of money effects ignored 4. Basic Formula and Terminology Assume that: U = Number of Units Produced and SOLD SP = Selling Price per Unit VC = Variable Cost per Unit FC = Total Fixed Costs Sales Variable Costs Fixed Costs = Profit Breakeven The level of sales whereby total profits are equal to zero. Contribution margin Sales Revenue – Variable Costs Contribution margin per unit Selling price per unit – Variable cost per unit Contribution margin ratio = Total Sales Revenue – Total Variable Costs Total Sales Revenue OR: Selling price per Unit – Variable costs per Unit Selling price per Unit 2 5. Breakeven Analysis Breakeven sales Breakeven units 6. Target Profit Target sales Target units 7. Margin of Safety 8. Margin of Safety Ratio 9. Product Mix Decisions 10. Leverage and Cost Structure Definition Increasing sales by a given percent and increasing profits by an increasingly larger proportion. Operating leverage Financial leverage 11. Primacy of Contribution Margin 3 CVP Graphical Analysis 4 IMPORTANT FORMULAS: SP VC FC U = = = = Selling price per unit Variable cost per unit Total Fixed costs Units sold Revenue Expenses Variable Fixed FC = Net Income SP(U) VC(U) = NI BREAK EVEN MEANS REVENUES = EXPENSES OR NET INCOME IS 0 Contribution Margin Ratio = Break-even (Units) = FC __ SP VC FC____________ Contribution Margin Ratio Break-even (Sales) = Target Profit (Units) =FC + TP SP VC Target Profit (Sales) = FC + TP Contribution Margin Ratio = Actual (Expected) Sales – Break 1. If sales are $80,000, variable costs are $50,000, and fixed costs are $20,000, the contribution margin ratio is: Sales – Variable Costs Sales 80,000 – 50,000 80,000 = . 75 or 37. 5% Example 2. A firm with fixed costs of $61,500 per month sells three products with the following characteristics: Sales Mix Contribution Product Percentage Margin P 25% $48 Q 50% 50 R 25% 52 How many total units must be sold to breakeven? First Compute the Weighted 3. The Pierson Co. has the following unit and mix data: Do Dah Unit sales price $5. 00 $4. 00 Unit contribution margin 0. 75 1. 20 Sales mix ($) 80% 20% Fixed costs Target profit How many units of Dah must be sold at the breakeven point? = $ 99,000 ($0. 75 x . 80) + ($1. 20 x . 20) = $99,000 $0. 84 = 117,857. 143 4. Baldwin’s Bagel Shop had the following activity for December: Total bagels sold Total revenues Total fixed costs Total variable costs 17,000 $595,000 99,000 357,000 What was Baldwin’s margin of safety, in dollars? Contribution Margin Ratio = $595,000 $357,000 $595,000 Breakeven Sales = $99,000 . 40 Margin of Safety = $595,000 $247,500 = $347,500 = $247,500 = . 40 What was Baldwin’s margin of safety ratio? = $347,500 $595,000 58. 4% = 8 Example 5. The Nunn Co. produces a single product. Its cost structure is: Fixed Cost $35,000 60,000 Variable Cost Per Unit $15 10 Manufacturing costs Non 6. Smith Co. has a contribution margin ratio of 40% and a breakeven point of $200,000 in sales. If the firm reports net income of $50,000 after taxes of 50%, what were total sales for the year? 0 = Sales – Variable Costs – Fixed Costs 0 = Contribution Margin – Fixed Costs 0 = $200,000(0. 4) – FC FC = $80,000 $50,000 = 0. 5[(. 4 x Sales) $80,000] Sales = $450,000 Example 7 Sales Variable costs Contribution margin Fixed costs Net income Old $2,000,000 1,400,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 New $2,000,000 600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 200,000 Note in this example that both Old and New have the same level of Sales and Net income. This means that the total costs for both Old and New are the same. However, the cost structure for each is different. This means that the breakeven point and profitability after breakeven are different for Old and New. In particular, Old and New have different Degrees of Operating Leverage (DOL). 10 Strategic Decision Making Candice Company has decided to introduce a new product, which can be manufactured by either of two methods. The manufacturing method will not affect the quality of the product. The estimated manufacturing costs of the two methods are as follows: Method A $5. 00 $6. 00 $3. 00 $2,440,000 Method B $5. 60 $7. 20 $4. 80 $1,320,000 Direct materials Direct labor Variable overhead Fixed manufacturing cost Candice’s marketing research recommends a selling price of $30 per unit. The fixed selling costs are $500,000 plus $2 per unit sold, regardless of manufacturing method. A. Calculate the estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product if Candice Company uses: 1) 2) Manufacturing Method A Manufacturing Method B B. Which production technology should the firm use? In particular, discuss the range for the level of output that would make Method A preferable and the range for the level of output that would make Method B preferable. 11 Extra Problem The following information pertains to ABC Company: 2004 $1,020,000 240,000 2005 $960,000 210,000 Sales Net Income Determine the breakeven sales for ABC Company. 12

Chronology of Ancient Mesopotamian Kings of Sumeria

Chronology of Ancient Mesopotamian Kings of Sumeria Mesopotamia, the Land Between Two Rivers, was located in present-day Iraq and Syria  and was home to one of the most ancient civilizations: the Sumerians. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian cities such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash provide some of the earliest evidence of human societies, along with the laws, writing, and agriculture that made them function. Sumeria in southern Mesopotamia was countered by Akkad (as well as Babylonia and Assyria) in the north. Rival dynasties would shift the center of power from one city to another over thousands of years; the Akkadian ruler Sargon united the two societies during his reign (2334-2279 B.C.) The fall of Babylon to the Persians in 539 B.C. saw the end of indigenous rule in Mesopotamia, and the land was marked by further conquests by Alexander the Great, the Romans, and before coming under Muslim rule in the 7th Century. This list of ancient Mesopotamian kings comes from John E. Morby. Notes based on Marc Van De Mieroops. Sumerian Timelines First Dynasty of Ur c. 2563-2387 B.C. 2563-2524... Mesannepadda 2523-2484... Aannepadda 2483-2448... Meskiagnunna 2447-2423... Elulu 2422-2387... Balulu Dynasty of Lagash c. 2494-2342 B.C. 2494-2465... Ur-Nanshe 2464-2455... Akurgal 2454-2425... Ennatum 2424-2405... Enannatum I 2402-2375... Entemena 2374-2365... Enannatum II 2364-2359... Enentarzi 2358-2352... Lugal-anda 2351-2342... Uru-inim-gina Dynasty of Uruk c. 2340-2316 B.C. 2340-2316... Lugal-zaggesi Dynasty of Akkad c. 2334-2154 B.C. 2334-2279... Sargon 2278-2270... Rimush 2269-2255... Manishtushu 2254-2218... Naram-Suen 2217-2193... Shar-kali-sharri 2192-2190... anarchy 2189-2169... Dudu 2168-2154... Shu-Turul Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2112-2004 B.C. 2112-2095... Ur-Nammu 2094-2047... Shulgi 2046-2038... Amar-Suena 2037-2029... Shu-Suen 2028-2004... Ibbi-Suen (The last king of Ur. One of his generals, Ishbi-Erra, established a dynasty in Isin.) Dynasty of Isin c. 2017-1794 B.C. 2017-1985... Ishbi-Erra 1984-1975... Shu-ilishu 1974-1954... Iddin-Dagan 1953-1935... Ishme-Dagan 1934-1924... Lipit-Ishtar 1923-1896... Ur-Ninurta 1895-1875... Bur-Sin 1874-1870... Lipit-Enlil 1869-1863... Erra-imitti 1862-1839... Enlil-bani 1838-1836... Zambiya 1835-1832... Iter-pisha 1831-1828... Ur-dukuga 1827-1817... Sin-magir 1816-1794... Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa c. 2026-1763 B.C. 2026-2006... Naplanum 2005-1978... Emisum 1977-1943... Samium 1942-1934... Zabaya 1933-1907... Gunnunum 1906-1896... Abi-sare 1895-1867... Sumu-el 1866-1851... Nur-Adad 1850-1844... Sin-iddinam 1843-1842... Sin-eribam 1841-1837... Sin-iqisham 1836... Silli-Adad 1835-1823... Warad-Sin 1822-1763... Rim-Sin (probably an Elamite. He defeated a coalition from Uruk, Isin, and Babylon and destroyed Uruk in 1800.)

My personal statement for getting into nursing Essay

My personal statement for getting into nursing - Essay Example I have set up and run a first time mums group. This group consists of a five week programme: week one is an introduction to the other mums and we show the mums the signs and symptoms of meningitis; the second week is baby massage of which I am a trained teacher; the third week is weaning, the signs and what food to introduce and the implications of weaning too early; the fourth week is sleep and the sleep methods the PCT recommends. We also discuss SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). This week can be challenging but recommended because of the significance of the problem. The fifth week we discuss childrens development and how children do not need lots of toys for them to thrive. These groups are very successful and the feedback I get from them is very positive. An additional part of my role is to run the two years development check. This is a free screening service for children that are between two and two-and-half. I run these from a childrens centre with nine children screened twice weekly. These development checks are to determine whether the children have any trouble with their speech and language and to give advice to aid and guide speech. AI also invite them to a local drop in speech and language services. In addition, I look to see if the children have play and cognitive skills issues. We carry out some small tests to see if they are up to their age-related peers. We also test their fine and gross motor skills. This is done by carrying out small tests with the children. We also do their height and weight and plot in their red books (Child Health books). We check that the children are not overweight and not underweight and advise according Oto the government standard of which I was training by Middlesex University Institute of Nursin g and Midwifery. Another part of my role is to liaise with the health visitors on such delicate issues as children protection issues, and how to look after children and special needs children. I have also

Module 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Module 6 - Essay Example It is believed that there are certain places considered as sacred spaces where the kami communicate with people. These places are usually located near waterfalls, trees and mountains, rivers, and other unusual natural formations. In these places, shrines are built to house the kami where the sacred space separates them from the ordinary world. Sacred spaces also exist in the homes where the kamidana or home shrine is designated. The shrine and the home shrine are therefore treated with the utmost respect, and this is evident in the architecture of the edifice. A large gate called tori, with a distinctive design fronts kami shrines, exhibiting two upright bars and two crossbars that indicate the separation of the sacred from the common space. Aside from this several real and symbolic barriers mark the sacred space, such as statutes of protection, ropes and fences. The shrines have distinctive parts such as the public hall of worship (haiden), the hall of offerings (heiden), and the innermost portion which comprises the worship hall reserved for the high priest (honden). It is in the honden where the symbol of the enshrined kami is situated. http://it.spcollege.edu/flashapplications/accessibleYouTubePlayer/index.htm?swfWidth=480&swfHeight=358&videoWidth=480&videoHeight=270&srtFile=http://it.spcollege.edu/srt/HUM2270_KevinMorgan/Hum2270_Mod6_EarlJapArtCult_TradJapArch.srt&youtubeURL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVnQvhS4vRs The video chosen for review describes how Japanese dwellings are constructed. It is interesting to note that the traditional Japanese home is constructed of wood and light materials and seldom have solid walls. There are also no permanent partitions, only temporary dividers, typically free-standing folding screens made of paper that are set up when the need to segregate spaces arises. Occasionally, there are also sliding doors which are installed along wooden

Application Architecture Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Application Architecture - Case Study Example This is done using special Internet addresses that have been reserved for this purpose. These special addresses are invalid in the Internet itself. The hosts using these addresses may communicate among themselves, but they cannot access the Internet directly†. NAT In order to make it easy for the network administrator, the NAT translates all the personal and confidential IP addresses into inclusive IP addresses. This will require an incremental change devoid of host and routers modification. Furthermore, the NAT has its own drawbacks for instance; its performance is slow since each packet is processed before translating it. Therefore the ‘IP traceability’ also becomes complicated because data packets are hard to trace. 3 Tunneling Tunneling is also referred as port forwarding. Port forwarding is often used for establishing a secure data channel from head office to the remote office corporate network by utilizing the Internet. One of the methods for deploying a tunn eling protocol is to configure the WAN connection with port number along with allocation of the required service. For example, for accessing remote desktop for a payroll application, port number 3389 will be used with the service named as ‘RDP service’ along with the specific IP address of the computer. As discussed earlier, PPTP developed by Microsoft. Likewise, PPTP is required for transmitting encrypted data over the VPN. Besides, no data encryption is available on port forwarding configuration as compare to tunneling because every tunneling route needs to be defined. This may create complex configurations that are difficult to manage. 4 Access Control List In a router, firewall, multi-layer switches etc.; the Access Control List is characterized. If a data packet attempts to pass through a router, it will take in security rules and policies. In the same way, the user’s rights on the files and directories are identified related to the ACL operating system. In order to check quality, the files and folders are read, write and executed. Thus, the ACL offers security for the network data administration, system files and folders. 5 Sub Netting Sub netting is described in â€Å"document RFC 950, originally referred to the subdivision of a class-based network into sub networks, but now refers more generally to the subdivision of a CIDR block into smaller CIDR blocks† (Subnetting, n.d). In IPv4, a single subnet only encloses 254 assignable IP addresses. The issues related to the broadcast are always triggered, generating network congestion and disruption in services. Therefore, these IP addresses should be managed properly in order to control congestion. However, o overcome the above mentioned issues, the IP addresses are divided into smaller class C networks for better performance related to network management and security. In addition, to operate a corporate network, sub netting is needed in order to allocate private IP addresses to inb ound networks as the global IP addresses are limited. The global IP addresses can be configured on the bases of WAN (Wide Area Network) devices. 6 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) The Virtual Local Are

Degrees Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Degrees Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Carpal tunnel syndrome is a most common compression neuropathy of the upper extremity. It is caused by compression of median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Women are more commonly affected than men. It is commonly seen in age group between 30 and 60 years. Carpal tunnel syndrome usually occurs due to excessive use of the hands and occupational exposure to repeated trauma. Average cross sectional area of the carpal tunnel is 1.7 cm2 with the wrist in neutral position. Passive flexion and extension of the wrist has been increased the carpal tunnel pressure. Wrist extension increases carpal tunnel pressure more than the wrist flexion. Any space occupying mass or swelling of the structures in the tunnel also causes pressure on the median nerve. Mostly, the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome is unknown. Any condition which causes pressure on median nerve at the wrist will result in carpal tunnel syndrome. Obesity, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, arthritis, diabetes and trauma are the common conditions that lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Repetitive work such as uninterrupted typing which result in tendon inflammation can also cause carpal tunnel symptoms. Carpal tunnel syndrome due to repetitive activities has referred to one of the repetitive stress injuries. In some rare diseases such as amyloidosis, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and sarcoidosis, deposition of abnormal substances in and around the carpal tunnel leads to nerve irritation. Prolonged flexion or extension of the wrists under the patients head or pillow during sleep is believed to contribute to the prevalence of nocturnal symptoms. Usually patient complaints pain, numbness and tingling sensation in the hand and fingers. Symptoms worsening at night typically awakening the patient or occurring on bunching up the hand for tasks such as writing. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common cause of acroparaesthesiae often pain and paraesthesiae may be the only symptoms for many months or years. The syndrome is essentially a sensory one; the loss or impairment of superficial sensation affects the thumb, index and middle fingers and may be or may not split the ring finger. There may be wasting and weakness of the thenar muscles. Weakness and atrophy of the abductor pollicis brevis and other muscles supplied by median nerve occur in only the most advanced cases of compression. Degrees of carpal tunnel syndrome are classified as dynamic, mild, moderate and severe. The pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome is typically demyelination. Secondary axon loss may present in more severe cases. With 20 to 30 mm hg compression, the initial insult is a reduction in epineural blood flow. With wrist extension, intracarpal pressures routinely measure atleast 33 mm hg and often upto 110 mm hg in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Edema in the epineurium and endoneurium is caused by continued or increased pressure. Carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed by detailed history collection, phalen maneuver, percussion test, two point discrimination test, vibrometry, monofilament test, distal sensory latency and conduction velocity, distal motor latency conduction, upper limb tension tests. X-ray is taken to check for arthritis and fracture. If there is a suspected medical condition that is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, laboratory tests may be done. This condition could be mistaken for a brachial neuritis due to cervical intervertebral disc prolapse at C5 C7 level. Nerve conduction tests on the median nerve help to localize the lesion in the tunnel. Both conservative and surgical management options are available in order to reduce pressure over median nerve. The current conservative treatments include non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, sometimes rest, local injection of corticosteroids, activity modification, ultrasound therapy, carpal bone mobilization, magnetic therapy, night and/or daytime wrist splint positioned at 0 to 15 degrees of extension, nerve and tendon gliding exercises. Anyone of the measures alone or in combination can be effective in treating early carpal tunnel syndrome. Tendon gliding exercises are performed to lubricate and increase gliding of the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus tendons. They are best performed with the hand elevated to concurrently control local edema. Median nerve gliding exercises and the upper limb tension test with median nerve bias can be used as treatment techniques. Modality treatment can also control symptoms and enhance the therapeutic exercise program. Exercise intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome focuses on mobility and strengthening without producing an exacerbation. Stretches for the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles are prescribed for several times each day. If working, a patient should perform them before work. They should be performed slowly and gently; the patient feel only a gentle stretching sensation. In workplace, modification of the job site or complete ergonomic redesign is typically the most helpful approach. In addition yoga, chiropractics, laser treatment have been advocated. Surgery is indicated in advanced cases with objective sensory loss and /or weakness or atrophy of the abductor pollicis brevis. In severe cases surgical division of the transverse carpal ligament relieves the condition. Surgical management includes open carpal tunnel release and endoscopic release. It aims to decompress nerve, to improve excursion and to prevent flexor damage. Splinting is the most popular method of conservative management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Splints are recommended by the American Academy of Neurology for the Carpal tunnel syndrome with light and moderate pathology. Immobilization of the wrist joint in a neutral position with splint will increase the carpal tunnel volume and minimize the median nerve pressure. Wrist Splinting in a neutral position will help reduce and may even completely relieve Carpal tunnel syndrome (Slater RR et al 1999). Ultrasound therapy is more useful in the management of Carpal tunnel syndrome. It has the potential to accelerate normal resolution of inflammation. Ultrasound therapy elicit anti inflammatory and tissue stimulating effects. Ultrasound therapy accelerates the healing process in damaged tissues. Pulsed Ultrasound therapy with the intensity of 1.0 w/cm2, 1:4 for fifteen minutes per session has significantly improved subjective symptoms in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (Ebenbichler GR et al). Nerve and tendon gliding exercises are used in conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome to decrease adhesions and to regulate venous return in nerve bundles (Rozmaryn et al). Nerve and tendon gliding exercises may maximize the relative movement of the median nerve within the Carpal tunnel and the excursion of flexor tendon relative to one another (Rempel D, Manojlovic R et al). Wrist splint along with nerve and tendon gliding exercises showed significant improvement in reducing symptoms in Carpal tunnel syndrome. (Akalin et al) NEED FOR THE STUDY: Ultra sound therapy, splints, nerve and tendon gliding exercises are significantly effective in reducing symptoms in the treatment of Carpal tunnel syndrome. Combination of various treatments is also useful in reducing symptoms in Carpal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound therapy helps to increase healing process in damaged tissue. This study aimed to find out the effect of Ultrasound therapy in reducing pain in patients with Carpal tunnel syndrome. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Effect of Ultrasound Therapy in reducing pain in patients with Carpal tunnel syndrome. KEY WORDS: Carpal tunnel syndrome Ultrasound therapy Splint Exercises Pain Visual analogue scale (VAS) AIM: To find out the Effect of Ultrasound Therapy in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To study the Effect of Ultrasound Therapy in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. HYPOTHESIS: 1.6.1. NULL HYPOTHESIS There is no significant effect of Ultrasound Therapy, Splint and Exercises in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. There is no significant effect of Splint and Exercises in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. There is no significant difference between the effect of Ultrasound Therapy, Splint and Exercises and Splint and Exercises in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. 1.6.2. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS There is significant effect of Ultrasound Therapy, Splint and Exercises in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. There is significant effect of Splint and Exercises in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. There is significant difference between the effect of Ultrasound Therapy, Splint and Exercises and Splint and Exercises in reducing pain in patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME DAVID A FULLER, MD, et al (2010) Stated that carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy. The syndrome is characterised by pain, paraesthesia, and weakness in the median nerve distribution of the hand. The etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome is multifactorial which is contributed by various degrees of local and systemic factors. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are due to ischemia and impaired axonal transport of the median nerve which results from median nerve compression at the wrist. (Lunborg G, Dahlin LB 1992). Elevated pressure inside the carpal tunnel leads to compression. HARVEY SIMON, MD et al, (2009) Stated that carpal tunnel syndrome is considered as an inflammatory disorder caused by medical conditions, physical injury or repetitive stress. JEFFREY G NORVELL, MD et al (2009) Stated that carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused predominantly by median nerve compression at the wrist because of hypertrophy or oedema of the flexor synovium. Pain is thought to be secondary to nerve ischemia rather than direct physical damage of the nerve. S.BRENT BROTZMAN, MD (2003) Explained that degree of the carpal tunnel syndrome as dynamic, mild moderate and severe. In mild cases, patients has intermittent symptoms, decreased light touch, positive digital compression test and positive tinel sign or phalen test may or may not be present. In moderate cases, patients have frequent symptoms, decreased vibratory sense, muscle weakness, positive tinel sign, phalen test and digital compression test. GERRITSEN AA, DE KROM MC, STRUIJS MA, ET AL (2002) Stated that carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused by median nerve compression at the wrist and is considered to be the more common entrapment neuropathy. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain, numbness or tingling sensation, paraesthesia, involving the fingers innervated by the median nerve. (Bakhtiary AH, Rashidy Pour AR et al 2004) GELBERMAN RH, HERGENROEDER PT, HARGENS AR, RYDEVIK B, LUNDBORG G, BAGGE U (1981) Fracture callus, osteophytes, anomalous muscle bodies, tumours, hypertrophic synovium, and infection as well as gout and other inflammatory conditions can produce increased pressure within the carpal tunnel. Extremes of wrist flexion and extension also elevate pressure within the carpal tunnel. Intraneural blood flow is affected by compression on nerve. Venular blood flow in a nerve is reduced by pressure as low as twenty to thirty mm Hg. At level of thirty mm Hg, axonal transport is impaired. At forty mm Hg, neurophysiologic changes manifested as sensory and motor dysfunctions are present. Any further increase in pressure will produce sensory and motor block. At level of sixty to eighty mm Hg, complete cessation of intraneural blood flow is seen. In one study, the carpal tunnel pressure in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome averaged thirty two mm Hg, compared with only about two mm Hg in control subjects. RH GELBERMAN, AR HARGENS, GN LUNDBORG, PT HERGENROEDER et al, (1981) Measured intra carpal canal pressures with the wick catheter in 15 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and in 12 control subjects. The average pressure in the carpal tunnel was raised significantly in the patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. When the wrist was in neutral position, the mean pressure was 32 millimeters of mercury. With ninety degrees of wrist flexion the pressure raised to 94 millimeters of mercury. While with ninety degrees of wrist extension the average pressure was 110 millimeters of mercury. The pressure of carpal canal in the control subjects with the neutral position of wrist was 2.5 millimeters of mercury; with wrist flexion the carpal canal pressure rise to 31 millimeters of mercury, and with wrist extension it increased to 30 millimeters of mercury.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­GEORGE S. PHALEN M.D, et al (1966) Stated that diagnosed Carpal tunnel syndrome has been made in 654 hands of 439 patients during the last seventeen years. The typical patient with this syndrome is a middle-aged housewife with numbness and tingling in the thumb and index, long, and ring fingers, which is worse at night and worse after excessive activity of the hands. The sensory disturbances both objective and subjective must be directly related to the sensory distribution of the median nerve distal to the wrist but pain may be referred proximal to the wrist as high as the shoulder. There is usually a positive tinel sign over the median nerve at the wrist, and the wrist flexion test is also usually positive. About half of the patients also have some degree of thenar atrophy. In clinical practice, Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most commonly seen entrapment mononeuropathy which is caused by median nerve compression at the wrist (PHALEN 1966, GELBERMAN et al 1998). Usually patients show one or more symptoms of hand weakness, pain, numbness or tingling in the hand, especially in the thumb, index and middle fingers (SIMOVIC and WEINBERG 2000). Symptoms are worst during night time and often wakeup the patient. WILLIAM C. SHIEL JR., MD.FACP, FACR, et al Stated that the cause of the carpal tunnel syndrome is unknown. Any condition which causes pressure on the median nerve at the wrist will result in carpal tunnel syndrome. Common conditions such as obesity, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, arthritis, diabetes, and trauma can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Repetitive work such as uninterrupted typing result in tendon inflammation can also cause Carpal tunnel symptoms. In some rare diseases such as amyloidosis, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and sarcoidosis, deposition of abnormal substances in and around the carpal tunnel leads to nerve irritation. MEDIAN NERVE LUNDBORG G, DAHLIN LB, et al (1996) Stated that throughout the extremity movement, mobility of the peripheral nerve changes and longitudinal movement of the median nerve mostly occur in the carpal tunnel. In Carpal tunnel syndrome, this physiologic mobility of the median nerve disappears. REMPEL D, MANOJLOVIC R, LEVINSOHN DG, et al (1994) Stated that during the exercise there may be redistribution of the point of maximal compression on the median nerve. This milking effect would promote venous return from the median nerve, thus decreasing the pressure inside the perineurium. NAKAMICHI AND S. TACHIBANA et al Conducted a study the motion of median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and normal subjects. Median nerve motion was assessed by axial ultrasonographic imaging the mid carpal tunnel. They concluded that wrist of patients with Carpal tunnel syndrome showed less sliding which indicates that physiological motion of the nerve is restricted. This decrease in nerve mobility may be of significance in the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. ULTRASOUND THERAPY BAKHTIARY AH, RASHIDY-POUR A et al (2004) Conducted a study to compare the effect of Ultrasound and laser therapy in patients with mild to moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. By electromyography findings, 90 hands in 50 consecutive patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were confirmed and allocated randomly in two groups. One group received low level laser therapy and the other group received ultrasound therapy. Ultrasound treatment (pulsed 1:4, 1.0 W/cm2, 1 MHz, 15 min/session) and low level laser therapy (infrared laser, 830nm, 9 Joules, at five points) were given to the carpal tunnel for fifteen daily treatment sessions. Ultrasound group showed more significant improvement than low level laser therapy group in motor latency, motor action potential amplitude, finger pinch strength, and pain reduction. Effects were also sustained in the follow-up period. They concluded that ultrasound therapy was more effective than laser therapy in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. EBENBICHLER GR, RESCH KL et al (1998) Studied the efficacy of Ultrasound therapy in patients with mild to moderate idiopathic Carpal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound with parameters 1MHZ, 1.0 W/cm2 pulsed mode 1:4, 15 minutes per session was applied over the carpal tunnel and compared with Sham Ultrasound. Actively treated ultrasound group showed significant improvement than sham treated wrists in both subjective symptoms and electroneurographic variables. To confirm the usefulness of ultrasound therapy for Carpal tunnel syndrome, more studies are needed. Additional randomized trials comparing conservative therapies for Carpal tunnel syndrome would be useful in selecting appropriate treatments for individual patients. EL HAG M, COGHLAN K, CHRISMAS P et al (1985) Stated that Ultrasound could elicit anti-inflammatory and tissue-stimulating effects as already shown in clinical trials and experimentally (Byl et al 1992, Young and Dyson 1990). In this way, Ultrasound has the potential to accelerate normal resolution of inflammation (Dyson 1989). The results of these studies confirm that Ultrasound may accelerate the healing process in damaged tissues. In mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome patients, these mechanisms may explain their findings including pain relief, increased grip and pinch strength, and changed electrophysiological parameters toward normal values better than Laser therapy. WRIST SPLINT Wrist splints help to keep the wrist straight and reduce pressure on the compressed nerve. Doctor may recommend the patients to wear wrist splints either at night, or both day and night, although patient may find that they get in the way when they are doing their daily activities. Some research indicates that ultrasound treatment may help to reduce the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. (BUPAS health information team 2010) BRININGER TL, ROGERS JC et al (2007) Fabricated customized neutral splint and nerve and tendon gliding exercises is more effective than wrist cock up splint and nerve and tendon gliding exercises in reducing symptoms and improving functional status in the treatment of Carpal tunnel syndrome. GERRITSEN AA, DE KROM MC, STRUIJS MA, et al (2002) Immobilization of the wrist joint in a neutral position with a splint will maximizes carpal tunnel volume and minimize the pressure acting on median nerve. AKALIN E, EL O, SENOCAK O, et al (2002) Compared the effect of wrist splint alone to wrist splint with nerve and tendon gliding exercises in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. In their study, both groups showed significant improvement in clinical parameters, functional status scale and symptom severity scale. They also reported significant improvement only in pinch strength in the group with wrist splint in combination with exercises compared with the wrist splint group. MANENTE G, TORRIERI F, et al (2001) Stated that wearing a specially designed wrist splint at night time for four weeks was more effective than no treatment in reducing the symptoms of Carpal tunnel syndrome. SLATER RR, et al (1999) Stated that splinting the wrist in a neutral position will help to reduce and may even completely relieve carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms. SAILER SM, et al (1996) Stated that the optimal splinting regimen depends on the patients symptoms and preferences. To prevent prolonged wrist flexion or extension, night splint use is recommended. BURKE DT, STEWRT GW, CAMBER A, et Al (1994) Stated that carpal tunnel syndrome is the commonest compression neuropathy in the upper limb. Several studies have demonstrated the effect of wrist splint in reducing the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. But the chosen angle of immobilization has varied in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Wick catheter measurements of carpal tunnel pressures suggest that the neural position has less pressure and, therefore, greater potential to provide relief from symptoms. KRUGER VL, KRAFT GH, et al (1991) Stated that wrist splint at a neutral angle helps to decrease repetitive flexion and rotation, thereby relieving mild soft tissue swelling or tenosynovitis. Splinting is most effective when it is applied within three months of the onset of symptoms. NERVE AND TENDON GLIDING EXERCISES BAYSAL O, ERTEMK, YOLOGLUS, ALTAY Z, KAYHANA et al (2006) Stated that combination of ultrasound therapy, splinting and exercises is a preferable and an efficacious treatment for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. ROZMARYN LM, et al (1998) Used nerve and tendon gliding exercises in conservative treatment models to decrease adhesions developed in the carpal tunnel and regulate venous return in the nerve bundles. They reviewed more than 200 hands under consideration for carpal tunnel decompression. Altogether 71% of the patients who were not offered gliding exercises went forward to surgery; only 43% of the gliding exercise group was felt to require surgery. SERADGE et al (1995) Stated that intermittent active wrist and finger flexion-extension exercises reduce the pressure in the carpal tunnel. SZABO et al (1994) Showed that the relationship between median nerve and flexor tendon excursion was consistently linear. They suggested active finger motion of the median nerve and flexor tendons in the vicinity of the wrist to prevent adhesion formation even if the wrist is immobilized. REMPEL D, MANOJLOVIC R, LEVINSOHN DG, et al (1994) Stated that the median nerve movement is increased by nerve and tendon gliding exercises in the carpal tunnel and the flexor tendons excursion is increased in relative to one another. TOTTEN AND HUNTER, et al (1991) Proposed a series of exercises enhancing the gliding of the median nerve and tendon at the carpal tunnel for management of postoperative Carpal tunnel syndrome. They also suggested these exercises for non-operative Carpal tunnel syndrome. LAMINA PINAR, SAIT ADA AND NEVIN GUNGOR ET AL Stated that nerve and tendon gliding exercises included in conservative therapy approaches showed more rapid pain reduction and greater functional improvement in grip strength. HANNAH RICE MYERS, et al Stated that carpal tunnel exercises reduce the tension on the tendons in the tunnel and strengthen the weakened muscles of wrist and forearms. Even though nerve and tendon gliding exercises are effective when used alone, they have a greater effect when used along with other intervention such as splint. For people who are involving jobs with keeping their hands in a fixed position throughout the day such as typing secretaries, these exercises may help to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome from developing. VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE POLLY E. BIJUR PHD, WENDY SILVER MA, E. JOHN GALLAGHER MD et al (2008) Conducted to study to assess the reliability of the visual analogue scale (VAS) for acute pain measurement as assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) appears to be high. The results showed that the Visual analogue scale (VAS) is sufficiently reliable to be used to assess acute pain. PAUL S. MYLES, MBBS, MPH, MD, FFARCSI, et al (1999) Stated Visual analog scale (VAS) is a tool widely used to measure pain. A patient is asked to indicate his/her perceived pain intensity (most commonly) along a 100 mm horizontal line, and this rating is then measured from the left edge (VAS score). The visual analogue scale score correlates well with acute pain. JOYCE, et al Suggested that visual analogue scale and another scales have been compared in terms of sensitivity, distribution of responses and preferences. Results of these studies appear equal. The visual analogue scale has been described as superior in one study because it was more sensitivity than any other scale. III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: Pretest and Posttest Experimental group study design. 3.2 STUDY SETTING: The study was conducted at Department of Physiotherapy, K.G.Hospital, Coimbatore. 3.3 STUDY DURATION: 3 weeks for each individual subject and the total duration was one year. 3.4 STUDY POPULATION: Patients with Carpal tunnel syndrome referred to the Department of physiotherapy, K.G.Hospital, Coimbatore. 3.5 STUDY SAMPLE: All patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who referred to Department of Physiotherapy, K.G. Hospital were selected. Among all patients, 20 patients who satisfied inclusive and exclusive criteria were selected and assigned into two groups, 10 of each by using Purposive Sampling method. 3.6 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION: INCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Age group above 30 years. Both sexes. Patients with mild to moderate unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Patients with Positive Tinel sign, Phalens test and Digital compression test. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome Patients having thenar atrophy or denervation on electromyographic findings Patients with a neuropathy other than carpal tunnel syndrome in the past year Patient with history of steroid injection in carpal tunnel in the past 3 months Patients had a prior carpal tunnel release Cervical disc prolapse Degenerative changes of cervical spine Acute upper limb fractures Wrist and fingers stiffness Recent hand surgeries Deqeurains disease Pregnancy Acute Infections of Wrist and Hand 3.7 Variables: Dependent variable Pain. Independent variable Visual analogue scale. 3.8 Orientation of subjects: Before treatment all the patients were explained about the study and procedure to be applied and were asked to inform if they feel any discomfort during the course of the treatment. All the willing patients were asked to sign the consent form before the treatment. 3.9 OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain. 3.10 OPERATIONAL TOOLS: Visual analogue scale 3.11 STUDY PROCEDURE: 20 Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were selected for this study after due consideration of inclusive and exclusive criteria. 20 patients were divided into 2 groups of 10 each. Group A: 10 patients received ultrasound therapy, splint and exercises. Ultrasound therapy with parameters of 1 MHz pulsed mode, 1:4, 1 w/cm2 is given 15 minutes per day, five times per week. Custom made neutral volar splint is given at night and during day time. Exercises are nerve and tendon gliding exercises. During tendon-gliding exercises, the fingers are placed in five discrete positions. Those were straight, hook, fist, table top, and straight fist. During the median nerve-gliding exercise the median nerve was mobilized by putting the hand and wrist in six different positions. During these exercises the neck and the shoulder were in a neutral position and the elbow was in supination and 90 degrees of flexion. Each position was maintained for 5 seconds. Each exercise is repeated 10 times at each session, 5 sessions per day. The total treatment duration is 3 weeks. Group B: 10 patients received only Splint and Exercises. Custom made neutral volar splint is given at night and during day time. Exercises are nerve and tendon gliding exercises. During tendon-gliding exercises, the fingers are placed in five discrete positions. Those were straight, hook, fist, table top, and straight fist. During the median nerve-gliding exercise the median nerve was mobilized by putting the hand and wrist in six different positions. During these exercises the neck and the shoulder were in a neutral position and the elbow was in supination and 90 degrees of flexion. Each position was maintained for 5 seconds. Each exercise is repeated 10 times at each session, 5 sessions per day. The total treatment duration is 3 weeks. 3.12 STATISTICAL TOOLS: Statistical analysis was done using Student t-test. Paired t test Where, n = Total number of subjects SD = Standard deviation d = Difference between initial and final value = Mean difference between initial and final value. (ii) Unpairedt test: To compare the pre test, post test values of both groups independentt test is used. Where, n1 = Number of subjects in Group A. n2 = Number of subjects in Group B. = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B s1 = Standard deviation of Group A. s2 = Standard deviation of Group B. S = Combined standard deviation IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE-1 VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE FOR PAIN GROUP A PAIREDt TEST Mean values, mean differences, standard deviation andt values of Visual Analogue Scale for Group A who underwent Ultrasound therapy, Splint, Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises. S. NO VAS Improvement t value Mean Mean difference Standard deviation 1. Pre test 5.60 3.90 0.70 39.0 2. Post test 1.70 0.67 FIGURE-1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MEAN VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE FOR GROUP A TABLE-2 VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE FOR PAIN FOR GROUP B PAIREDt TEST Mean values, mean differences, standard deviation andt values of Visual Analogue Scale for Group B who underwent to Splint, Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises. S. NO VAS Improvement t value Mean Mean difference Standard deviation 1. Pre test 5.40 3.0 0.70 20.12 2. Post test 2.40 0.52 FIGURE-2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MEAN VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE FOR GROUP B TABLE-3 VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE FOR PAIN PRETEST VALUES OF GROUP A VERSUS GROUP B UNPAIREDt TEST Mean, mean difference, standard deviation and unpairedt test of pre test v